When in doubt ... go to to the Regs, in this case as per ABYC:
Seacock = A tapered cone or ball valve type valve with a handle that rotates only 90 degrees that also has an integral flange. Whether this is on or off the boat it is still called a seacock as that is its only designed purpose.
Ball Valve = This is still called a ball valve unless installed on the top of a flanged adapter or a thru-hull fitting, then it becomes a seacock. While it is not a seacock in the "proper" sense, any valve that penetrates the hull becomes a seacock if it meets the 90 degree handle rotation definition set forth in ABYC H-27.
Now, with that said, I prefer the seacock as it is my belief that there is an inherent strength advantage with the installation by having the large flange of the traditional seacock mounted against the hull.
NEVER use a 'gate valve' on a boat. While some may be made of marine quality bronze, most are cheaper metals not designed to withstand the rigor and environment of duty at sea.